Keywords
tourism experience
travel
tourism
Latin America
How to Cite
Abstract
Objective: to explore the touristic experiences of gender dissident individuals in Latin America and to promote the sensibilization to reduce discrimination in the touristic industry. Methodology: qualitative interviews were conducted with people with non-normative gender identities in countries of the region. Results: for people with non-normative gender identities touristic experiences have relevance, both positive and negative, in the emotional, physical, interpersonal, and identity spheres. Value: this study contributes to the understanding of tourist experiences from a perspective of gender diversity. Limitations: the results are not generalizable to the entire population with diverse gender identities in the study region. Conclusions: the tourist experiences of people with non-normative gender identities are deeply associated with gender and social stigma.
References
Ahlfert, C. (2012). El viaje como experiencia. Papers TSI (2), 89-109. Recuperado de https://www.recercat.cat/handle/2072/375992
Alva, F. S. (2019). La diversidad sexual y de género en censos y encuestas de América Latina: entre la invisibilidad y la lógica heteronormativa. Notas de Población, 108, 221-243.
Aramberri, J. (2011). Turismo de masas y modernidad: un enfoque sociológico. Madrid: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas.
Barlés‐Arizón, M. J., Fraj-Andrés, E., y Matute-Vallejo, J. (2010). Identification of the profiles of women who take holiday decisions. Tourism Review, 65(1), 4-17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/16605371011040870
Bord, B. (2013). Somewhere under the rainbow: mercantilización y asimilación de la disidencia sexual. En M. Solá y E. Urko (comps.), Transfeminismos: epistemes, fricciones y flujos (pp. 153-166). Tafalla, Navarra: Txalaparta.
Browne, K. (2011). Beyond rural idylls: imperfect lesbian utopias at Michigan Womyn’s Music Festival. Journal of Rural Studies, 27(1), 13-23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2010.08.001
Bryman, A. (2014). Social Research Methods. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Butler, J. (2004). Deshacer el género. Barcelona: Paidós.
Cocciarini, N. (2014). 28 de junio de 1969: disturbios de Stonewall. Revista Uni(+di)versidad, 2(2). Recuperado de https://puds.unr.edu.ar/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/UNIDIV-Stonewall_Inn.pdf
Cohen, E. (1979). A phenomenology of tourist experiences. Sociology, 13(2), 179-201. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/003803857901300203
Comisión Ejecutiva de Atención a Víctimas [CEAV], y Fundación Arcoíris. (2016). Investigación sobre atención a personas LGBT en México: resumen ejecutivo. Recuperado de http://www.ceav.gob.mx/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/INVESTIGACION-LGBT-Resumen-Ejecutivo-11-ABR-16.pdf
Condevaux, A. (2015). Rencontres touristiques polynésiennes. En J. M. Decroly (ed.), Le tourisme comme expérience. Regards interdisciplinaires sur le vécu touristique (pp. 258-279). Montréal: Presses Universitaires du Québec.
Consejo Nacional para Prevenir la Discriminación (CONAPRED). (s. f.). Ficha temática. Discriminación por identidad de género. Recuperado de https://www.conapred.org.mx/userfiles/files/Ficha%20PTrans.pdf
Decrop, A. (1999). Triangulation in qualitative tourism research. Tourism Management, 20(1), 157-161. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(98)00102-2
Desforges, L. (2000). Traveling the world: identity and travel biography. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(4), 926-945. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00125-5
Fijalkow, Y., Jalaudin, C., y Lalanne, M. (2015). La mesure de l’expérience touristique par l’engagement, l’indifférence et l’évitement des populations locales. En J. M. Decroly (ed.), Le tourisme comme expérience. Regards interdisciplinaires sur le vécu touristique (pp. 369-432). Montréal: Presses Universitaires du Québec.
Flores, A., Herman, J. L., Gates, G. J., y Brown, T. N. T. (2016). How Many Adults Identify as Transgender in the United States? Los Angeles: The Williams Institute at UCLA. Recuperado de https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Race-Ethnicity-Trans-Adults-US-Oct-2016.pdf
Graburn, N. (2001). Tourism and anthropology in East Asia today: some comparisons. En T. Chee-Beng, S. Cheung y Y. Hui (eds.), Tourism, Anthropology and China (pp. 71-92). Bangkok: White Lotus Press.
Hughes, H. (1997). Holidays and homosexual identity. Tourism Management, 18(1), 3-7. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(96)00093-3
Johnston, L. (2007). Mobilizing pride/shame: lesbians, tourism and parades. Social & Cultural Geography, 8(1), 29-45. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14649360701251528
Larreche, J. I. (2020). Complejizar los estudios en turismo: el turismo LGBT como modalidad turística en Argentina. Aportes y Transferencias, 18(2), 27-42. Recuperado de http://nulan.mdp.edu.ar/3421/
Larsen, S. (2007). Aspects of a psychology of the tourist experience. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 7(1), 7-18. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250701226014
Lavín-García, J. (2016). Ocultamiento, privacidad y experiencia. En S. Carassale y L. Martínez (coord.), La experiencia como hecho social: ensayos de sociología cultural (pp. 187-256). México: Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO).
López, A. L., y Broeck, A. M. van (2010). Sexual encounters between men in tourist environment: a comparative study in seven Mexican localities. En N. C. Poria, Sex and the Sexual during People’s Leisure and Tourism Experiences (pp. 119-142). Newcastle upon Tyne: British Library.
López, A. A., y Marín, G. (2010). Turismo, capitalismo y producción de lo exótico: una perspectiva crítica para el estudio de la mercantilización del espacio y la cultura. Relaciones, 123(31), 219-258.
Mariottini, L., y Hernández, M. I. (2017). La narración de experiencias en TripAdvisor Narratives Revista de Filología Hispánica RILCE, 33(1), 302-330. doi: https://doi.org/10.15581/008.33.1.302-30
Martínez-Guzmán, A., y Montenegro, M. (2011). El desafío trans. Consideraciones para un abordaje de las identidades de sexo/género. Sociedad & Equidad, 2, 3-22.
Mendoza, C. (2013). Beyond sex tourism: gay tourists and male sex workers in Puerto Vallarta (Western Mexico). International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(2), 122-137. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1865
Molina, N., Guzmán, O., y Martínez-Guzmán, A. (2015). Identidades, transgénero y transfobia en el contexto mexicano: una aproximación narrativa. Quaderns de Psicología, 17(3), 71-82. doi: https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.1279
Monterrubio, J. C. (2008). Identity and sex: concurrent aspects of gay tourism. Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 4(2), 155-167. Recuperado de https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/25299
Monterrubio, C., Mendoza-Ontiveros, M. M., Rodríguez-Madera, S. L., y Pérez, J. (2021). Tourism constraints on transgender individuals in Mexico. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 21(4), 433-446. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358420948564
Monterrubio, C., Rodríguez-Madera, S. L., y Pérez, J. (2020). Trans women in tourism: motivations, constraints and experiences. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 43, 169-178. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.04.009
Morales, A. (15 de mayo de 2017). Crímenes por homo, lesbo, bi, transfobia, signos de violencia estructural; expertos. Letra Ese. Recuperado de https://www.cipacdh.org/cipac_articulo_completo.php?art=437
Noy, C. (2004). This trip really changed me: backpackers’ narratives of self-change. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(1), 78-102. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.08.004
Noy, C. (2007). The poetics of tourist experience: an autoethnography of a family trip to Eilat. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 5(3), 141-157. doi: https://doi.org/10.2167/jtcc085.0
Olson, E. D., y Reddy-Best, K. (2019). Pre-topsurgery, the body scanning machine would most likely error: transgender and gender nonconforming travel and tourism experiences. Tourism Management, 70, 250-261. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.08.024
Organización de los Estados Americanos (OEA), y Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH). (2020). Informe sobre personas trans y de género diverso y sus derechos económicos, sociales, culturales y ambientales. Recuperado de https://www.oas.org/es/cidh/informes/pdfs/PersonasTransDESCA-es.pdf
Palmer, C. (2005). An ethnography of Englishness: experiencing identity through tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(1), 7-27. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.04.006
Prebensen, N. K., Chen, J. S., y Uysal, M. S. (2014). Co-creation of Tourist Experience: Scope, Definition and Structure. Creating Experience Value in Tourism. UK: CABI.
Pritchard, A., Morgan, N. J., Sedgley, D., Khan, E., y Jenkins, A. (2000). Sexuality and holiday choices: conversations with gay and lesbian tourists. Leisure Studies, 19(4), 267-282. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360050118832
Pung, J. M., Yung, R., Khoo-Lattimore, C., y Chiappa, G., del. (2020). Transformative travel experiences and gender: a double duo-ethnography approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(5), 538-558. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1635091
Reddy-Best, K. L., y Olson, E. (2020). Trans traveling and embodied practices: panopticism, agency, dress, and gendered surveillance. Annals of Tourism Research, 85, 103028. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103028
Rodríguez, S. L. (2020). From necropraxis to necroresistance: transgender experiences in Latin America. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(11-12), NP9115-NP143. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520980393
Romero, C. (15 de octubre de 2018). El riesgo de ser transexual en México. El Universal. Recuperado de https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/el-riesgo-de-ser-transexual-en-mexico
Selstad, L. (2007). The social anthropology of the tourist experience. Exploring the “middle role”. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 7(1), 19-33. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250701256771
Stamboulis, Y., y Skayannis, P. (2003). Innovation strategies and technology for experience-based tourism. Tourism Management, 24(1), 35-43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00047-X
Transgender Europe (TGEU), y Balzer, C. (11 de noviembre de 2020). TMM Update Trans Day of Remembrance 2020. Recuperado de https://transrespect.org/en/tmm-update-tdor-2020/
Vergopoulos, H. (2016). La experiencia turística: ¿una experiencia de los ámbitos de experiencia turística? Via. Tourism Review (10). doi: https://doi.org/10.4000/viatourism.1357
Vogt, J. W. (1976). Wandering: youth and travel behavior. Annals of Tourism Research, 4(1), 25-41. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(76)90051-7
Waitt, G., y Markwell, K. (2006). Gay Tourism: Culture and Context. Nueva York: Psychology Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1300/5141_a
Wang, C., Qu, H., y Hsu, M. K. (2016). Toward an integrated model of tourist expectation formation and gender difference. Tourism Management, 54, 58-71.
White, N. R., y White, P. B. (2004). Travel as transition: identity and place. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(1), 200-218. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.10.005
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2022 Martha Marivel Mendoza Ontiveros, Carlos Monterrubio, Javier Pérez Díaz